美国中学教科书中的社会主义和共产主义
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引用:
There are two types of command economies. In a strong command economy, such as communism, the state makes all the economic decisions. The state controls all the resources for the common good. The state decides what to produce, how much, and how to distribute it. China, Cuba and many Latin American and African countries have strong command economies.
引用:
In a moderate command economy, also called socialism, there is some form of private enterprise. The state owns major resources, such as airlines and steel, and makes the key economic decisions. However, individuals may own some businesses. France and Sweden are countries that have moderate comman economies.
原来，在西方经济学家眼中，社会主义和共产主义是计划经济的两个形式：社会主义是温和的计划经济，允许部分私营企业作为计划经济的补充。共产主义是强势计划经济，不允许私有企业。就是这么简单。
有意思的是，作为经济形式的共产主义和社会主义，并不是什么洪水猛兽。教科书没有掺杂意识形态的色彩，更没有妖魔化共产主义，而是比较客观地比较了共产主义/社会主义与资本主义的利弊。说计划经济的好处，他们并不吝啬笔墨，诸如，人人平等，提供就业医疗和生老病死的全民保障，较少贫困，犯罪率低等，都成了社会主义和共产主义的优点。
引用:
The primary advantages of a command economy is that it guarantees everyone an equal standard of living. The state provides you with a job, a place to live, and health care. Goods and services are distributed evenly. The state also takes care of things like utilities, transportation, and defense. There is usually less crime and poverty because everyone's needs and wants are equally met.
缺点主要是吃大锅饭，缺乏生产的积极性和市场经济的活力。所以，结论是多数国家施行的是两种经济制度的某种结合，以取长补短。他们认为美国就是这样一个资本主义为主社会主义为辅的国家。
引用:
Mixed Economy: A free market economy and a command economy are great ideas in principle but don't always work in practice. In a market economy, there can be great poverty in the midst of great wealth. In a command economy, everyone is economically equal. In reality, few nations have an economy based totally on one model or the other. Most nations have a mixed economy, a combination of a market and command economy. The state takes care of people's needs while the marketplace takes care of people's wants. In the United States, for example, the government provides things like defense and education. The marketplace provides things like cars, computers and fast food. There is some government regulation of business.
感觉这些基本观念还是相对客观的。当然也有过时的信息，比如把中国列为共产主义国家，完全忽视了中国改革开放以后的市场经济的发达。姓社姓资已经无需争论，因为中国的资本主义成分与社会主义成分互相融合，你中有我，我中有你，与美国以及多数西方发达国家在经济制度上，已经没有本质区别，都是社会主义和资本主义杂交的产物。
当然，政治改革的滞后使得社会制度的共产主义色彩似乎依然浓厚。那是另一个题目和角度了。
顺便一提，个人观察到的是，美国中小学生也有“政治”灌输，或德育教育。所灌输的核心价值是人人平等，反对种族歧视；言论自由是神圣的天赋权利；民主选举，反对独裁；鼓励社区服务，做义工光荣（义工就好像列宁倡导的星期六无偿劳动）。每天学校升国旗，念人人平等的誓言，是重要的政治爱国教育的形式之一。
相关篇什：
《立委随笔：社会主义好》:
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《只有社会主义才能救美国》：
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【图片新闻: 美国对孩子的爱国教育】:
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